%0 Thesis
%B University of California, Santa Barbara, Anthropology
%D 2005
%T From the Monumental to the Mundane: Defining Early Leadership Strategies at Late Formative Pukara, Peru
%A Klarich, Elizabeth A.
%C Santa Barbara, California
%I University of California, Santa Barbara
%P 397
%X The study of alternative leadership strategies has become a major avenue for tracing<br />  the development of institutionalized inequality in complex societies across the globe.<br />  In the Lake Titicaca Basin of Peru and Bolivia, the Late Formative period (500 B.C.<br />  - A.D. 400) is characterized by the development of two regional population centers,<br />  Pukara in the northwest and Tiwanaku in the southeast. The site of Pukara, the<br />  subject of the present study, is typically identified with the features of the Qalasaya<br />  complex, a series of massive terraced platforms with sunken, stone-lined structures,<br />  and the presence of sophisticated polychrome pottery and carved monoliths. In this<br />  study, the transformation of the site’s central ceremonial district during the Late<br />  Formative is framed as a reflection of changes in leadership strategies and local<br />  responses to those changes. Based on architectural, artifact, and activity area data<br />  collected during excavations in 2001, I argue that the changing function of the<br />  central pampa, an open area surrounded by the monumental architecture of the<br />  Qalasaya complex and several artificial mounds, can be used to trace a shift from<br />  inclusive to exclusive leadership strategies at Pukara. The central pampa was<br />  originally used as a public space dedicated to the preparation and consumption of<br />  suprahousehold-level meals and was an integral element of inclusionary leadership strategies during the site’s early development. Over time, as the monumental<br />  architecture of the Qalasaya was reconstructed and ritual activities became more<br />  restricted, the central pampa was “cut off” and relegated to the periphery of the<br />  ceremonial district. As elite interests shifted, reflecting trends towards exclusionary<br />  leadership strategies, commoners reacted by utilizing the central pampa for<br />  residential purposes, small-scale ritual, craft production, and other quotidian<br />  activities. These occupations are characterized by formal divisions of architectural<br />  spaces, increased diversity in activities performed, and differentiation of structure<br />  function. The transformation of the central pampa—from the monumental to the<br />  mundane—reflects both the motivations of early leaders and the responses of the<br />  local population over several centuries of site growth, development, and<br />  abandonment.
%9 Ph.D.