Starting with the oldest rock groups in the study region, the Yura group, the geological history of the Upper Colca region will be summarized through to the Holocene. The Jurassic and Cretaceous (> 66.4 Ma) sedimentary strata in the region include quartzite, shale to sandstone, dolomite, and limestone. The Yura sedimentary formation is exposed on both sides of the Chivay-Arequipa road around the Sumbay junction and to the 10 km to the east of the Llapa and Pulpera confluence. Quartzite outcroppings of the Yura formation appear to have provided material for the abundant artifacts made of quartzite observed in archaeological sites in the Callalli area. These quartzite Yura strata do not appear as cartographic units on the 1985 INGEMMET map (Ellison and Cruz 1985), but Parodi (1987: 47) notes that fine-grained quartzite outcrops occur west of Callalli and these features were encountered in recent fieldwork (JKYu west of Callalli on Figure 4-15 ). Quartzite outcrops form in metamorphic sandstone and occur in the oldest metamorphic strata in the Colca region. Similarly, chert, chalcedony, and quartz precipitate from diatoms in sedimentary contexts (Andrefsky 1998: 51-56;Luedtke 1994), and consequently exposures of these materials are found in the Mesozoic strata in the region and in cobbles form in many stream beds. Interestingly, cherts were noted in the Ichocollo creek in Block 6 of the survey, but an examination of the headwaters on the Cailloma (31-s) geology map (Davila M. 1988) reveals no layers older than the Tertiary in that watershed.
Steeply uplifted Cretaceous formations appear in two portions of the study area (Palacios, et al. 1993: 28-30, 36) and these formations, in addition to nodules found in riverbeds, may have provided the local sources of non-obsidian toolstone in the area. The thick calcareous Yura sedimentary exposures north of Sibayo are dramatic examples of uplift of these Cretaceous strata. Additionally, the slopes just east of Chivay below 4000m between the town of Canocota, close to Calera hot springs, and as far south as the Quebrada de los Molinos consist of Murco and Hualhuani formation sedimentary rocks that include siltstone, quartz-rich sandstone, and limestone layers. These areas, in addition to cobbles encountered in riverbeds, may have represented the local non-igneous sources of material for stone tool production that include chert and chalcedony.